What kind of malaria is in uganda

We also found that, among travelers, engaging in outdoor activities was strongly associated with increased risk of malaria. Outdoor activities may increase exposure to mosquito bites and subsequent malaria, 33 — 37 suggesting that use of personal protection measures to avoid outdoor exposure to malaria vectors during travel, including mosquito repellent creams and sprays, should be explored.

Mosquito repellents have been used primarily for malaria prevention by travelers from malaria non-endemic countries when traveling to malaria-endemic areas.

Use of chemoprophylaxis, that is, regular administration of a drug to prevent malaria infection is a key component of malaria prevention in travelers. Standard recommendations for malaria chemoprophylaxis are daily atovaquone—proguanil, daily doxycycline, or weekly mefloquine; primaquine and tafenoquine are also effective but require confirmation of normal glucosephosphate dehydrogenase levels before use.

As with travelers from non-endemic countries, the use of chemoprophylaxis in addition to specific mosquito control measures is likely to provide substantial protection against malaria infection in travelers to high-risk areas of Africa. Our study had some limitations. First, like all case—control studies, the study was prone to selection bias which can lead to mistaken inference.

However, selection bias was minimized by selecting both cases and controls from the same outpatient department and using the same diagnostic algorithm for both groups. Second, we could not rule out recall bias concerning travel histories, especially because history of travel was defined over a day period.

It is possible that participants with malaria might have been more likely to recall or report travel as compared with those without malaria. Third, the case—control study design only allowed assessment of the association between overnight travel and malaria as odds ratios, and it was not possible to estimate the actual risk of malaria among travelers. It is possible that participants with higher risk-associated behaviors while traveling may practice those same patterns while at home, although risks would nonetheless be limited by the low malaria transmission intensity in Kampala.

Last, the study was conducted over a period of 2 months and in only one hospital in Kampala, and results cannot be considered representative of risks at other times of the year, or for other locations. Nonetheless, the very high odds for malaria after travel strongly suggest that travel out of Kampala was responsible for the majority of malaria diagnosed in this urban setting.

In summary, malaria among Kampala residents was strongly associated with overnight travel, especially travel to high-risk districts of Uganda that were not receiving IRS. Among those who traveled, not using an ITN during travel, engaging in outdoor activities, staying with friends and relatives, and duration of travel for 10 days or more were associated with increased odds of malaria.

Our findings suggest that personal malaria prevention measures, including use of ITNs, application of creams or sprays to prevent outdoor mosquito bites, and administration of chemoprophylaxis should be emphasized to protect individuals traveling overnight from low to high transmission regions of Africa.

We are grateful to the staff of Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration for administrative support and the study participants for their involvement in this study. Disclaimer: The content of this report is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

The funders of this study did not participate in the study design, data collection, data analysis, and data interpretation or writing of findings. Disclosures: All authors have not reported any conflict of interest and have submitted the ICMJE form for disclosure of potential conflict of interest.

Arthur Mpimbaza, Joaniter I. Nankabirwa, and Moses R. Julius K. Powered by: PubFactory. Sign in Sign up. Members Institutions Cost. Advanced Search Help. Study design. Matching criteria. Study participant enrollment and data collection. Laboratory procedures. Sample size. Ethical considerations. Statistical analysis. Characteristics of participants who traveled.

Association between recent overnight travel outside Kampala and malaria. Factors associated with malaria among participants who traveled. Export Figures View in gallery Study profile. View in gallery Map of Uganda showing destination of travel for study participants with a history of recent overnight travel out of Kampala. Close View raw image Study profile.

View raw image Map of Uganda showing destination of travel for study participants with a history of recent overnight travel out of Kampala. Export References. Bhatt S Kigozi R Steinhardt LC Raouf S Zinszer K Arinaitwe E Finda MF Sherrard-Smith E Sluydts V Author: James F. Authors: Catherine A. Hanham , Jeffery J. Authors: Arthur E. Brown , H. Gordon , Robert A. Wirtz , and Barnyen Permpanich.

Authors: R. DENT , M. Previous Article Next Article. Kuule 5 , Moses R. Rosenthal 6 , and Sarah G. Staedke 1. Page s : — Free access.

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View Table. View Full Size. In offering guidance on the choice of antimalarial drugs, the main concern is to provide protection against Plasmodium falciparum malaria, the most dangerous and often fatal form of the illness. Regardless of the medication which has been taken, it is of utmost importance for travellers and their physician to consider fever and flu-like symptoms appearing 7 days up to several months after leaving a malarious area as a malaria breakthrough.

Early diagnosis is essential for successful treatment. In addition to the suggested antimalarial medication, use a mosquito bed net and effective repellents to avoid the bite of the nocturnal Anopheles mosquito.

Brand names: Malarone, Malanil and others; generics available. Note: Take at the same time every day with food or milk. Brand names: Vibramycin and others; generics available. Note: When taking this drug, avoid exposure to direct sunlight and use sunscreen with protection against long range ultraviolet radiation UVA to minimize risk of photosensitive reaction.

Take with large amounts of water to prevent esophageal and stomach irritation. Brand names: Lariam, Mephaquin, Mefliam and others; generics available. Note: Side effects include nausea and headache, including neurological side effects such as dizziness, ringing of the ears, and loss of balance.

Psychiatric side effects include anxiety, depression, mistrustfulness, and hallucinations. Neurological side effects can occur any time during use and can last for long periods of time or become permanent even after the drug is stopped.

Seek medical advice if any neurological or psychiatric side effects occur. Steps to tackle these challenges include attainment and maintenance of universal coverage of bed nets. Survey data also reveals that severe anaemia mostly due to malaria continues to be a public health problem in Uganda. Health workers at all levels including the private sector were trained in integrated management of malaria IMM in of districts 10, HWs , including training in the management of severe malaria.

Clinical audits for severe malaria were performed in 34 of districts. World Malaria Report Home Countries Uganda. Health services administrative levels There are four levels of health administration: national, regional, district and county.

Threats: Changing weather patterns i. El Nino Lack of emergency preparedness and response funding.